Riesgo de infección en pacientes oncológicos colonizados por bacterias productoras de p-lactamasas de espectro extendido y enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas / Risk of infection in cancer patients colonized by extended expectrum p-lactamases and carbapenem producing Enterobacteriaceae

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de microorganismos multirresistentes es un problema de salud pública que continúa creciendo a lo largo del mundo. Existe una población principalmente susceptible de ser colonizada y posteriormente infectarse, son los pacientes oncológicos. OBJETIVO: Identificar las características clínicas y patológicas de los pacientes oncológicos y su relación con la infección con microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se condujo un estudio retrospectivo y de carácter analítico entre el primero de enero de 2019 y el 30 de junio de 2020 en tres unidades hemato-oncológicas. RESULTADOS: Incluyó a 3.315 pacientes, de los cuales 217 (6,5%) se encontraban colonizados por microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC; de éstos, 106/217 (48,8%) presentaron al menos un episodio de infección. El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Klebsiella pneumoniae, en 29/106 (27,4%). De los infectados, 18/106 (17%) presentaron infección por el mismo microorganismo colonizador. La mucositis (p = 0,002), edad mayor a 65 años (p = 0,041), hipoalbuminemia (p < 0,01), neutropenia (p < 0,01) y la presencia dispositivos invasivos (p < 0,01) demostraron una relación con el desarrollo de infección. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de hipoalbuminemia (OR 3,3, IC 1,5-7,1, p < 0,01), dispositivos invasivos (OR 5,8, IC 3.0-11,4, p < 0,01) y neutropenia (OR 4,1, IC 1,5-11,4, p < 0,01) predicen el desarrollo de infecciones.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multi-resistant microorganisms is a public health problem that continues to grow globally. There is a population that is mainly susceptible to being colonized and subsequently infected, and these are cancer patients. AIM: To identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of cancer patients and their relationship with infection with ESBL and CPE producing microorganisms. METHODS: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020 in three hematooncological units. RESULTS: We included 3315 patients of which 217 (6.5%) were colonized by microorganisms producing ESBL and CPE. Of these, 106/217 (48.8%) had at least one episode of infection. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae 29/106 (27.4%). Of those infected, 18/106 (17%) presented infection by the same colonizing microorganism. Mucositis (p = 0.002), age over 65 years (p = 0.041), hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.01), neutropenia (p < 0.01) and the presence of invasive devices (p < 0.01) demonstrated a relationship with development of infection. The presence of hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.3, CI 1.5-7.1, P < 0.01), invasive devices (OR 5.8, CI 3.0-11.4, p < 0.01) and neutropenia (OR 4.1, CI 1.5-11.4, p < 0.01) predict the development of infections.

Resistência aos antimicrobianos e diversidade genética de variantes fenotípicas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa não sensíveis aos carbapenêmicos recuperadas de pacientes com fibrose cística com infecção pulmonar crônica: uma análise temporal / Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of phenotypic variants of carbapenem non susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis with chronic lung infection: a temporal analysis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bactéria ubíqua e versátil, pode se comportar como um patógeno oportunista, com ampla capacidade adaptativa, por múltiplos fatores de virulência e resistência. Como agente patogênico nas infecções pulmonares em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC), é motivo de prognóstico ruim, aumento de hospitalizações e altas taxas de morbimortalidade, sendo quase impossível a sua erradicação, ao evoluírem para a cronicidade. Globalmente, é notável o aumento nos índices de amostras não sensíveis aos carbapenêmicos e a múltiplos antimicrobianos, essenciais à terapêutica. Assim, avaliamos temporalmente a susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos e a presença de amostras hipermutáveis (HPM) em P. aeruginosa de diferentes morfotipos, não sensíveis aos carbapenêmicos (PANSC), obtidas de pacientes FC com infecção pulmonar crônica, acompanhados em dois centros de referência no Rio de Janeiro. De 2007 a 2016, a análise retrospectiva, através dos resultados obtidos no teste de disco-difusão (TDD), permitiu selecionar amostras de PANSC incluídas neste trabalho. Usando os resultados obtidos no TDD, foi definida a susceptibilidade a outros antimicrobianos, bem como os fenótipos de resistência, multi-(MDR), extensivo-(XDR) e pandroga resistentes (PDR). Adicionalmente, determinou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM), doripenem (DOR) e polimixina (POL). Através de teste fenotípico, foi calculada a frequência de mutação espontânea e as amostras hipermutáveis foram caracterizadas. O sequenciamento de genoma total (SGT) foi realizado em seis amostras de diferentes morfotipos, incluindo uma variante fenotípica rara, a small colony variant (SCV). Essas amostras foram recuperadas em dois episódios de exacerbação do paciente. Foram investigadas a clonalidade, resistência a antimicrobianos e virulência. Das 143 amostras, de 18 pacientes (9 pediátricos e 9 adultos), os resultados do TDD apontaram taxas de não susceptibilidade superiores a 44% para gentamicina, amicacina, tobramicina e ciprofloxacina, e maiores de 30 % para POL. Pela determinação da CIM, quase a totalidade (96%) das amostras foram não sensíveis a IMP, seguidos de 56% para MEM e 44% para DOR. Analisando-se a distribuição dos valores da CIM50 e CIM90 nos dois grupos de pacientes, os valores para IMP foram maiores entre as amostras dos pacientes pediátricos, equivalendo a 32 µg/mL e 64 µg/mL, respectivamente. Cerca de 25%, 37% e 6% eram MDR, XDR e PDR, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 12% eram HPM, e mais da metade destas foram XDR. Após o SGT, as seis amostras, recuperadas do caso clínico foram classificadas em um novo sequence type (ST2744), com a presença de genes de resistência adquiridos blaPAO, blaOXA-50, aph(3')-Iib, fosA, catB7 e crpP, apresentando mutações em genes codificadores de porinas e bombas de efluxo. Entretanto, não foram observados marcadores genéticos clássicos exclusivos para os fenótipos SCV e HPM. Este é o primeiro relato de P. aeruginosa SCV na FC, no Brasil. A vigilância epidemiológica de P. aeruginosa é crucial para a conduta terapêutica, bem como para o sucesso da resposta do paciente e erradicação da infecção pulmonar, justificando o uso de técnicas fenotípicas e moleculares na detecção dos mecanismos de resistência e virulência desse microrganismo na FC.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous and versatile bacterium, can behave as an opportunistic pathogen, with strong adaptive capacity, due to multiple virulence and resistance factors. As a pulmonary infection pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), it is related with poor prognosis, increased hospitalizations and high rates of morbidity and mortality, and the eradication is almost impossible, especially after chronicity. The increase rates of isolates non-susceptible to carbapenem and multiple antimicrobials, essentials to therapy, have been observed worldwide. Therefore, we assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of hypermutability (HPM) in non-susceptible to carbapenem P. aeruginosa (PANSC) isolates from different morphotypes, obtained from CF patients with chronic pulmonary infection, followed at two reference centers in Rio de Janeiro. Using the results obtained by disk-diffusion test (DDT) between 2007 to 2016, we select 143 PANSC and susceptibility to other antimicrobials was defined, as well as the resistance phenotypes, multi- (MDR), extensive- (XDR) and pandrug resistant (PDR). Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM), doripenem (DOR) and polymyxin (POL) was determined. Hypermutable isolates were characterized by determination of mutation frequency. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in six morphotypes isolates, including the small colony variant (SCV), a rare variant phenotype. These isolates were recovered in two exacerbation episodes. Clonality, antimicrobial resistance and virulence were investigated. Of the total (143 isolates) isolated from 18 patients (9 pediatric and 9 adults), non-susceptibility rates above than 44% for gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin, and more than 30% for POL were observed. Almost all (96%) of the isolates were non-susceptible to IPM by MIC determination, followed by 56% for MEM and 44% for DOR. MIC50 (32 µg/mL) and MIC90 (64 µg/mL) rates for IPM were higher among pediatric patient isolates and 25%, 37% and 6% were MDR, XDR and PDR, respectively. 12% of all isolates were classified as HPM and more than half were categorized as XDR. Using WGS, the six isolates recovered from the clinical case, were identified as a new sequence type (ST2744). Acquired resistance genes blaPAO, blaOXA-50, aph (3')-Iib, fosA, catB7 and crpP and mutations in encoding genes for porins and efflux pumps, was annotated. None exclusive classic genetic markers related to SCV and HPM phenotypes were not observed. This is the first Brazilian report of P. aeruginosa SCV in CF. Our results highlight the importance of epidemiological surveillance in P. aeruginosa. The application of phenotypic and molecular techniques to investigate resistance and virulence mechanisms, can contribute to therapeutic success in CF.

Análise do consumo de antimicrobianos e infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde após implantação de um programa de gestão de antimicrobianos em unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal do Rio de Janeiro / Analysis of antimicrobial consumption and healthcare-associated infections after an antimicrobial stewardship program implantation in neonatal intensive care of Rio de Janeiro / Análisis del consumo de antimicrobianos y las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud después de la implantación de un programa de administración de antimicrobianos en cuidados intensivos neonatales de Río de Janeiro

Justificativa e objetivos. Programas de gestão de antimicrobianos (PGA) podem contribuir para otimizar o uso de antimicrobianos em unidades de tratamento intensivo neonatais (UTINEO). O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o consumo de antimicrobianos, dentre eles os carbapenêmicos e infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS), especificamente as causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas resistentes a carbapenêmicos (BGN-CR) em neonatos após a implantação de um PGA. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo descritivo do consumo de antimicrobianos, dentre eles os carbapenêmicos; e das taxas de IRAS em uma UTINEO, durante 1 ano de seguimento. O consumo fo i medido em dias de terapia/1000 pacientes-dia (DOT/1000PD). Resultados: Em setembro de 2017 o PGA foi implementado com os seguintes elementos-chave: auditoria de antibióticos/feedback, restrição de antimicrobianos-alvo, medida do consumo de antimicrobianos e maior rapidez na liberação de resultados de culturas. Entre setembro de 2017 e setembro de 2018 admitimos 308 pacientes, totalizando 2223 pacientes-dia. A mediana de consumo total de antimicrobianos foi de 1580 DOT/1000PD (variação de 1180,7 a 2336,6/mês) sem tendência de aumento e a de carbapenêmicos 12 DOT/1000PD (variação de 0 a 163,2/mês). O consumo de carbapenêmicos foi reduzido entre abril a setembro de 2018 (valor de p =0,07) quando comparado com os primeiros seis meses. Oito IRAS foram registradas, correspondendo a uma densidade de incidência de 3,6/1000 pacientes-dia. Não foram reportadas BGN-CR causando IRAS. Conclusões: O consumo total de antimicrobianos não apresentou aumento ao longo do ano após implantação do PGA. No entanto, houve redução significativa do consumo de carbapenêmicos. Não foram verificadas IRAS por BGN-CR no período do estudo.(AU)

Background and objectives: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) could contribute to optimize antimicrobial use within neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The aim of this study was to measure the antimicrobial consumption, including carbapenems and healthcare-associated infections (HAI), specifically infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) in neonates, after implementation of an ASP. Methods: A prospective descriptive study of antimicrobial and carbapenem consumption; and healthcare-associated rate in a NICU, during a one-year follow-up. The consumption was measured in days of therapy /1000 patients-days(DOT/1000PD). Results: In September 2017, the ASP was implemented, with the following core components: antibiotic audit and feedback, restriction of target antimicrobials, measure of antimicrobial consumption and improvement of results from microbiologic laboratory. Between September 2017 and September 2018, we admitted 308 patients, totalizing 2223 patient-days. The median of total antimicrobial consumption was 1580 DOT/1000PD (range from 1180.7 to 2336.6/month and of carbapenems 12 DOT/1000PD (range from 0 to 162.3/month). The carbapenem consumption was reduced between April and September of 2018 (p value=0.07) when we compared the first six months of the study. Eight HAI were detected, corresponding to density of incidence of 3.6/1000 patient-days. No HAI due to CR-GNB was reported. Conclusion: The total antimicrobial consumption did not increase during all the year after the ASP implantation. Although there was a significant reduction of carbapenem consumption. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria was not found in NICU causing HAI.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: Los programas de optimizatión de uso de antimicrobianos (POA) podrían contribuir a optimizar el uso de antimicrobianos dentro de las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el consumo de antimicrobianos incluidos los carbapenems y las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud (IAAs), especificamente las infecciones causadas por bacterias Gram negativas resistentes a carbapenems (CR-GNB) en neonatos, después de la implementación de un POA. Métodos: Un estudio descriptivo prospectivo del consumo de antimicrobianos y carbapenems; y la tasa de IAAs en una UCIN durante un año de seguimiento. El consumo se midió en días de terapia (DOT) / 1000 pacientes-días. Resultados: En septiembre de 2017, se implementó el POA con los siguientes componentes principales: auditoría y retroalimentación de antibióticos, restricción de antimicrobianos objetivo, medición del consumo de antimicrobianos y mejora de los resultados del laboratorio microbiológico. Entre septiembre de 2017 y septiembre de 2018, admitimos 308 pacientes, totalizando 2223 días-paciente. La mediana del consumo total de antimicrobianos fue de 1580 DOT / 1000PD (rango de 1180.7 a 2336.6 / mes y de carbapenems 12 (rango de 0 a 162.3 / mes). El consumo de carbapenem se redujo entre abril y septiembre de 2018 (valor p = 0.07) cuando comparamos los primeros seis meses del estudio, se detectaron ocho IAAs, lo que corresponde a la densidad de incidencia de 3.6 / 1000 días-paciente No se informó ningún IAA debido a CR-GNB. Conclusiones: El consumo total de antimicrobianos no aumentó durante todo el año posterior a la implantación de POA. Aunque hubo una reducción significativa del consumo de carbapenem. No se encontraron bacterias resistentes a carbapenem en la UCIN que causa IAA.(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones del tracto urinario por gérmenes productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido / Risk factors associated with urinary tract infections by spectrum betalactamase producing germs extended

El tratamiento de las infecciones del tracto urinario requiere la constante actualización de la susceptibilidad in vitro de los gérmenes de la zona o institución que permita orientar la elección apropiada del tratamiento empírico. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones del tracto urinario por gérmenes productores de BLEE en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo" con diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario durante el periodo enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2019. Método: estudio retrospectivo, corte transversal, casos y controles. Tratamiento estadístico: Se calculó la razón de probabilidades de los factores de riesgo previamente establecidos. Los factores que demuestren asociación significativa en el análisis univariable serán incluidos en el modelo de regresión logística a fin de determinar los predictores independientes de infección por gérmenes productores BLEE. Resultados: Se evaluaron 283 pacientes, 161 con fenotipo de BLEE y 122 no BLEE. La edad mayor a 65 años (p =0,001; OR 1,059), infección del tracto urinario recurrente (p <0,001; OR 3,689), uso de antibióticos en los último 3 meses (p <0,001; OR 6,921), y sondaje vesical permanente mayor a 30 días (p <0,001; OR 6,801) fueron predictores independientes de ITU por bacterias productoras de BLEE. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo identificados en nuestro estudio ayudarán a guiar el reconocimiento de pacientes con alto riesgo de infección por estos organismos. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de revisión de los esquemas terapéuticos empíricos locales en el tratamiento de infecciones del tracto urinario, basándose en el riesgo de cada paciente(AU)

Urinary tract infections are an important cause of disease, its treatment requires the permanent update of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of the major germs of the institution to allow the appropriate choice of empirical treatment; Objective: To identify the risk factors associated with urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing germs in patients admitted at the Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo" with urinary tract infections between the january 2015 and december 2019. Methods: this is a retrospective study of a crosssectional cohort of cases and controls. Statistical Analysis: We also calculated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for target risk factors. Risk factors with significant association to ESBLs in the univariate analysis were included in a logistic regression model in order to determine independent forecasters of infections by ESBL-producing organisms. Results: Two hundred and eighty three patients were assessed: 161 with a phenotype of ESBL and 122 without ESBL. Ages over 65 years old (p =0,001; OR 1,059), regular urinary tract infection (p <0,001; OR 3,689), use of antibiotics in the last 3 months (p <0,001; OR 6,921), and permanent bladder catheterization for more than 30 days (p <0,001; OR 6,801) were independent forecasters of UTIs by ESBL-producing bacteria. Conclusions: the risk factors identified in our study will help guide the recognition of patients at high risk of infection by these organisms. These results suggest the need to review local empirical therapeutic schemes in the management of urinary tract infections, based on the odds of each patient of acquiring these bacteria(AU)

Características clínico microbiológicas de la infección por Acinetobacter baumannii en pacientes con afecciones hematológicas / Clinical microbiological characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii infection in patients with hematological disorders

Introducción: Las complicaciones infecciosas se han convertido en la causa de mortalidad más frecuente en los pacientes con afecciones hematológicas sometidos a regímenes terapéuticos agresivos. Objetivo: Caracterizar la infección por Acinetobacter baumannii en pacientes con afecciones hematológicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ambispectivo y descriptivo en el servicio de hematología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras, entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2016. La muestra se conformó con 29 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 48,3±14,8 años, con predominio del sexo masculino (65,5 por ciento). Resultaron más frecuentes los casos con linfomas (48,3 por ciento). En cuanto al estado de la enfermedad se apreció que prevalecieron por igual (34,5 por ciento) los grupos de pacientes con enfermedad en su inicio y en remisión completa. La neutropenia febril (48,3 por ciento) y la sepsis respiratoria (31,1 por ciento) fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más detectadas. Los enfermos con algún grado de neutropenia resultaron los más frecuentes (55,1 por ciento), principalmente aquellos con neutropenia severa y muy severa. La resistencia a los carbapenémicos entre los infectados fue de 58,6 por ciento. 24,1 por ciento de los casos fallecieron y la resistencia a los carbapenémicos se asoció significativamente (p<0,05) a esta mortalidad. De los procederes invasivos empleados en estos pacientes, predominó la colocación de catéter centro-venoso (58,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: La infección por A. baumannii es más frecuente en pacientes con afecciones hematológicas malignas y que recibieron tratamiento mielodepresor así como en aquellos que presentaron neutropenia severa/muy severa, manifestándose clínicamente de forma mayoritaria como una neutropenia febril; es muy importante señalar que la mortalidad por este agente biológico resultó elevada, principalmente si existe resistencia a los carbapenémicos(AU)

Introduction: Infectious complications have become the most frequent cause of mortality in patients with hematological conditions subjected to aggressive therapeutic regimens. Objective: To characterize Acinetobacter baumannii infection in patients with hematological disorders. Methods: An ambispective and descriptive study was carried out in the hematology department at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital from January 2010 to December 2016. Twenty nine patients, who met the established inclusion criteria, formed the sample. Results: The average age was 48.3 ± 14.8 years, males were majority (65.5 percent). The lymphomas cases were more frequent (48.3 percent). Regarding the state of the disease, it was observed that the groups of patients with disease in its initial stage and in complete remission prevailed equally (34.5 percent). Febrile neutropenia (48.3 percent) and respiratory sepsis (31.1 percent) were the most detected clinical manifestations. Patients with some degree of neutropenia were the most frequent (55.1 percent), mainly those with severe and very severe neutropenia. The resistance to carbapenems among the infected subjects was 58.6 percent. The deceased cases represented 24.1 percent and resistance to carbapenems was significantly associated (p <0.05) with this mortality. Out of the invasive procedures used in these patients, central venous catheter placement was predominant (58.6 percent). Conclusions: A. baumannii infection is more frequent in patients with malignant haematological conditions and who received myeloablative treatment as well as in those who presented severe or very severe neutropenia, mainly exhibiting as a febrile neutropenia. It is very important to point out that mortality due to this biological agent was high, mainly if there is resistance to carbapenems(AU)

Sepsis grave en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí / Severe sepsis in the intensive care unit of Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute

Introducción: La última década muestra aumento de la prevalencia de sepsis grave por microorganismos multidrogorresistentes, lo que representa una alerta para los gobiernos y sistemas de salud en el manejo de la multirresistencia. Objetivo: Identificar los microorganismos causantes de sepsis grave y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos, así como relacionar los niveles de proteína C reactiva con la sepsis grave. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a 30 pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis grave ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del hospital del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí durante el 2016. Resultados: Las neumonías fueron el foco primario dominante (43,3 por ciento), y las infecciones por gérmenes gramnegativos las más frecuentes. Los aislamientos microbiológicos (pseudomonas y acinetobacter baumannii) mostraron multidrogorresistencia que incluye a carbapenémicos y colistina, lo que sugiere utilización de forma indiscriminada y no justificada de antibióticos en pacientes inmunodeprimidos VIH. Se demostró asociación entre la infección por gérmenes gramnegativos y títulos elevados de proteína C reactiva con el desarrollo de sepsis grave y evolución desfavorable. El aumento de las supervivencias de los pacientes VIH con las terapias antirretrovilales, demostraron la predisposición de estos enfermos a infecciones por gérmenes multidrogorresistentes. Conclusiones: Los pacientes VIH tienen predisposición a infecciones por microorganismos multidrogorresistentes, la proteína C reactiva es útil como marcador de sepsis grave en estos enfermos. Estudios de este tipo demuestran a los sistemas de salud la necesidad trazar estrategias a corto plazo para el manejo de pacientes con VIH y sepsis grave por microorganismos multidrogorresistentes(AU)

Introduction: The last decade shows an increase in the prevalence of severe sepsis by multidrug resistant microorganisms which represent an alert for governments and health systems in relation with multiresistance management. Objective: To identify the microorganisms that cause severe sepsis and sensitivity to the antimicrobials, as well as to relate the levels of C-reactive protein with the severe sepsis. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out involving 30 patients diagnosed with severe sepsis and admitted in 2016 to the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital in Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute. Results: The prevalence of severe sepsis was 24.8 percent mainly in male patients (71.1 percent) and with ages from 41 to 50 years old (40.0 percent). Pneumonias were the predominant primary source (43.3 percent), and infections caused by negative Gram germs were the most frequent. Microbiological isolates (pseudomonas and acinetobacterbaumannii) showed multidrug resistance including carbapenems and colistin, which suggests an indiscriminate and non-justified use of antibiotics in HIV inmunodepressed patients. It was demonstrated a relation between infection by negative Gram germs and elevated levels of C-reactive protein with the development of severe sepsis and unfavorable evolution. The increasing survival rate in patients with HIV showed a predisposition of them to infections caused by multidrug resistant germs. Conclusions: HIV positive patients have a predisposition to infections caused by multidrug resistant microorganisms. C-reactive protein is useful as a marker of severe sepsis in this kind of patients. Studies of this type show to health systems the need to develop strategies in short term for managing HIV patients and the severe sepsis caused by multidrug resistant microorganisms(AU)

Risk factors for mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract Background: The ideal therapeutic option for ventilator associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is not defined. The aim of this study was to assess mortality-associated risk factors in patients with VAP by CRE and determine the outcome of several treatment options. Methods: This was a retrospective study performed in two tertiary hospitals involving patients with VAP caused by CRE between January 2010 and August 2014. The outcomes were mortality within 30 days of VAP diagnosis and overall mortality during hospital admission. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by comparing variables of survivors and non-survivors. Results: One hundred and twelve patients with CRE-VAP were included, 73 (65%) male, median age 56 years. The 30-day mortality was 57.1% and the overall hospital mortality was 67%. In the binary logistic regression analysis, only age >50 years was independently associated to increased mortality. Polymyxin was the most used drug (47.5%), followed by tigecycline (29.2%) and aminoglycosides (2.4%). Combined therapy with two active drugs was used by 17 patients (20.8%). No therapeutic option was independently associated to survival. However, combined therapy with two active drugs was superior to the therapy with a single active drug when inappropriate therapy was the comparator (p = 0.044). The addition of carbapenem was not associated with increased survival. Conclusion: The best therapeutic option for VAP by CRE is still not completely defined, but the therapy with at least two active drugs was superior in this study.

Prediction of Putative Resistance Islands in a Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Global Clone 2 Clinical Isolate

BACKGROUND: We investigated the whole genome sequence (WGS) of a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate belonging to the global clone 2 (GC2) and predicted resistance islands using a software tool. METHODS: A. baumannii strain YU-R612 was isolated from the sputum of a 61-yr-old man with sepsis. The WGS of the YU-R612 strain was obtained by using the PacBio RS II Sequencing System (Pacific Biosciences Inc., USA). Antimicrobial resistance genes and resistance islands were analyzed by using ResFinder and Genomic Island Prediction software (GIPSy), respectively. RESULTS: The YU-R612 genome consisted of a circular chromosome (ca. 4,075 kb) and two plasmids (ca. 74 kb and 5 kb). Its sequence type (ST) under the Oxford scheme was ST191, consistent with assignment to GC2. ResFinder analysis showed that YU-R612 possessed the following resistance genes: four β-lactamase genes bla(ADC-30), bla(OXA-66), bla(OXA-23), and bla(TEM-1); armA, aadA1, and aacA4 as aminoglycoside resistance-encoding genes; aac(6')Ib-cr for fluoroquinolone resistance; msr(E) for macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance; catB8 for phenicol resistance; and sul1 for sulfonamide resistance. By GIPSy analysis, six putative resistant islands (PRIs) were determined on the YU-R612 chromosome. Among them, PRI1 possessed two copies of Tn2009 carrying bla(OXA-23), and PRI5 carried two copies of a class I integron carrying sul1 and armA genes. CONCLUSIONS: By prediction of resistance islands in the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii YU-R612 GC2 strain isolated in Korea, PRIs were detected on the chromosome that possessed Tn2009 and class I integrons. The prediction of resistance islands using software tools was useful for analysis of the WGS.

Prevalencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias en el Servicio de Clínica Médica del Hospital Regional de Encarnación 2014-2015 / Prevalence of intrahospital infections in the Internal Medicine Service of the Regional Hospital of Encarnación 2014-2015

RESUMEN Introducción: las infecciones asociadas a cuidados de la salud, conocidas también como infecciones nosocomiales (IN), son un problema relevante de salud pública, se asocian con altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, lo que se traduce en un incremento en los días de hospitalización y los costos de atención. Objetivos: determinar los gérmenes intrahospitalarios más frecuentes y su sensibilidad antibiótica en la sala de Clínica Médica del Hospital Regional de Encarnación periodo 2014-2015. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal, prospectivo, de prevalencia y con componente analítico. Resultados: se evaluaron pacientes hospitalizados encontrándose 114 (6%) pacientes con infecciones intrahospitalarias. El perfil epidemiológico se caracterizó por predomino del sexo femenino (53%), con edad media 56,5 ± 22,5 años y una estancia hospitalaria prolongada. Los aislamientos fueron más frecuentes en orina. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus. El germen más frecuente aislado fue Klebsiella pneumoniae, con una sensibilidad solo a amikacina y cabapenemes, con 64% BLEE(+) y 20% KPC, seguido por Echerichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus con buena sensibilidad a oxacilina. Conclusión: se halló 6% de infecciones intrahospitalarias y el germen más frecuente fue K. pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Introduction: infectious related to health care, also known as nosocomial infections (NI) are an important public health problem, are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, resulting in an increase in days of hospitalization and costs. Objectives: to determine the most frequent nosocomial germs and antibiotic sensitivity in a Medical Ward of the Regional Hospital of Encarnación 2014-2015. Methodology: descriptive, observational cross-sectional study with prospective approach, and analytical component. Results: Hospitalized patients were evaluated and were found 114 (6%) patients with nosocomial infections, below the global average. The epidemiological profile, were characterized by predominance of females 53%, aged 56.5 ± 22.5 years. And a prolonged hospital stay. The germs more common commouly isolated were in urine, the more frequent comorbidities were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The most frequent isolated germ was Klebsiella pneumoniae, with a sensitivity only to amikacin and Cabapenemes, followed by a Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus oxacillin with good sensitivity. Conclusions: 6% of nosocomial infections were found and the more frequent isolated germ was K. pneumoniae

A Case of Severe Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection with Aplastic Anemia and Hepatitis / 대한소화기학회지

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes various acute and chronic diseases. Chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) is characterized by infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms that persist for more than 6 months with high viral loads in peripheral blood and/or an unusual pattern of anti-EBV antibodies. Severe CAEBV is associated with poor prognosis with severe symptoms, an extremely high EBV-related antibody titer, and hematologic complications that often include hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. However, CAEBV which led to the development of aplastic anemia (AA) has not been reported yet. A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with intermittent fever, general weakness and elevated liver enzymes. In the serologic test, EBV-related antibody titer was elevated, and real-time quantitative-PCR in peripheral blood showed viral loads exceeding 10(4) copies/microg DNA. Liver biopsy showed characteristic histopathological changes of EBV hepatitis and in situ hybridization with EBV-encoded RNA-1 was positive for EBV. Pancytopenia was detected in peripheral blood, and the bone marrow aspiration biopsy showed hypocellularity with replacement by adipocytes. AA progressed and the patient was treated with prednisolone but deceased 8 months after the diagnosis due to multiple organ failure and opportunistic infection. Herein, we report a rare case of severe CAEBV in an adult patient accompanied by AA and persistent hepatitis.

Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. Selective pressure, the extensive use of antibiotics, and the conjugational transmission of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial species and genera facilitate the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae. Here, we examined the occurrence, phenotypes and genetic features of MDR K. pneumoniae isolated from patients in intensive care units (ICUs) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University in Xiamen, China, from January to December 2011. Thirty-eight MDR K. pneumoniae strains were collected. These MDR K. pneumoniae isolates possessed at least seven antibiotic resistance determinants, which contribute to the high-level resistance of these bacteria to aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and β-lactams. Among these isolates, 24 strains were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 2 strains were AmpC producers, and 12 strains were both ESBL and AmpC producers. The 38 MDR isolates also contained class I (28/38) and class II integrons (10/38). All 28 class I-positive isolates contained aacC1, aacC4, orfX, orfX’ and aadA1 genes. β-lactam resistance was conferred through blaSHV (22/38), blaTEM (10/38), and blaCTX-M (7/38). The highly conserved blaKPC-2 (37/38) and blaOXA-23(1/38) alleles were responsible for carbapenem resistance, and a gyrAsite mutation (27/38) and the plasmid-mediated qnrB gene (13/38) were responsible for quinolone resistance. Repetitive-sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) fingerprinting of these MDR strains revealed the presence of five groups and sixteen patterns. ...

Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. Selective pressure, the extensive use of antibiotics, and the conjugational transmission of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial species and genera facilitate the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae. Here, we examined the occurrence, phenotypes and genetic features of MDR K. pneumoniae isolated from patients in intensive care units (ICUs) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University in Xiamen, China, from January to December 2011. Thirty-eight MDR K. pneumoniae strains were collected. These MDR K. pneumoniae isolates possessed at least seven antibiotic resistance determinants, which contribute to the high-level resistance of these bacteria to aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and β-lactams. Among these isolates, 24 strains were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 2 strains were AmpC producers, and 12 strains were both ESBL and AmpC producers. The 38 MDR isolates also contained class I (28/38) and class II integrons (10/38). All 28 class I-positive isolates contained aacC1, aacC4, orfX, orfX’ and aadA1 genes. β-lactam resistance was conferred through bla_SHV (22/38), bla_TEM (10/38), and bla_CTX-M (7/38). The highly conserved bla_KPC-2 (37/38) and bla_OXA-23(1/38) alleles were responsible for carbapenem resistance, and a gyrAsite mutation (27/38) and the plasmid-mediated qnrB gene (13/38) were responsible for quinolone resistance. Repetitive-sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) fingerprinting of these MDR strains revealed the presence of five groups and sixteen patterns. ...

Efficacy of polymyxins in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In recent years, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae has become endemic in many countries. Because of limited treatment options, the abandoned "old antibiotics", polymyxins, have been reintroduced to the clinic. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of polymyxins in the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, we systemically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases and analyzed the available evidence. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis statement were followed, and the I2 method was used for heterogeneity. Nineteen controlled and six single-arm cohort studies comprising 1086 patients met the inclusion criteria. For controlled studies, no significant difference was noted for overall mortality (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.58-1.08; p = 0.15), clinical response rate (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.61-2.54; p = 0.55), or microbiolog- ical response rate (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.26-1.36; p = 0.22) between polymyxin-treated groups and the control groups. Subgroup analyses showed that 28-day or 30-day mortality was lower in patients who received polymyxin combination therapy than in those who received monotherapy (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.68; p < 0.01) and the control groups (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31-0.75; p < 0.01). The results of the six single-arm studies were in accordance with the findings of controlled studies. One controlled and two single-arm studies that evaluated the occurrence of nephrotoxicity reported a pooled incidence rate of 19.2%. Our results suggest that polymyxins may be as efficacious as other antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infection. Compared to polymyxin monotherapy, combination regimens may achieve lower 28-day or 30-day mortality. Future large-volume, well-designed randomized control trials are required to determine the role of polymyxins in treating carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections.

A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of doripenem for treating bacterial infections

Objective: The aim of this article is to compare the efficacy and safety of doripenem for bacterial infections. Methods: We included six randomized clinical trials identified from PubMed and Embase up to July 31, 2014. The included trials compared efficacy and safety of doripenem for complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infection, nosocomial pneumonia, and acute biliary tract infection. The meta-analysis was carried on by the statistical software of Review Manager, version 5.2. Results: Compared with empirical antimicrobial agents on overall treatment efficacy, doripenem was associated with similar clinical and microbiological treatment success rates (for the clinical evaluable population, odds ratio [OR] = 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93-1.69, p = 0.13; for clinical modified intent-to-treatment population, OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.55-1.41, p = 0.60; for microbiology evaluable population, OR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.90-1.50, p = 0.26; for microbiological modified intent-to-treatment (m-mITT), OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.81-1.20, p = 0.87). We compared incidence of adverse events and all-cause mortality to analyze treatment safety. The outcomes suggested that doripenem was similar to comparators in terms of incidence of adverse events and all-cause mortality on modified intent-to-treatment population (for incidence of AEs, OR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.90-1.35, p = 0.33; for all-cause mortality, OR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.77-1.51, p = 0.67). In nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia treatment, doripenem was not inferior to other antibacterial agents in terms of efficacy and safety. Conclusion: From this meta-analysis, we can conclude that doripenem is as valuable and well-tolerated than empirical antimicrobial agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infection, acute biliary tract infection and nosocomial pneumonia treatment. .

Nosocomial infections by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing enterobacteria in a teaching hospital / Infecções hospitalares por enterobactérias produtoras de Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase em um hospital escola

Objective To analyze the profile of patients with microorganisms resistant to carbapenems, and the prevalence of the enzyme Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase in interobacteriaceae. Methods Retrospective descriptive study. From the isolation in bacteriological tests ordered by clinicians, we described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with enterobacteria resistants to carbapenems at a university hospital, between March and October 2013. Results We included 47 isolated patients in this study, all exhibiting resistance to carbapenems, including 9 patients who were confirmed as infected/colonized with K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Isolation in tracheal aspirates (12; 25.5%) predominated. The resistance to ertapenem, meropenem, and imipenem was 91.5%, 83.0% and 80.0%, respectively. Aminoglycosides was the class of antimicrobials that showed the highest sensitivity, 91.5% being sensitive to amikacin and 57.4% to gentamicin. Conclusion The K. pneumoniae carbapenemase was an important agent in graun isotaling in hospital intection. The limited therapeutic options emphasize the need for rapid laboratory detection, as well as the implementation of measures to prevent and control the spread of these pathogens. .

Objetivo Analisar o perfil dos pacientes que apresentaram microrganismos com resistência aos carbapenêmicos, e a prevalência da enzima Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase em enterobactérias. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo descritivo. A partir do isolamento em exames bacteriológicos solicitados pelos clínicos, descrevemos as características clínicas e epidemiológicas dos pacientes que apresentaram enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos entre março e outubro de 2013 em um hospital universitário. Resultados Foram incluídos 47 pacientes isolados, todos apresentando resistência aos carbapenêmicos, dos quais 9 tiveram confirmação de infecção/colonização por K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Ocorreu predomínio de isolamento em aspirados traqueais (12; 25,5%). A resistência ao ertapenem, meropenem e imipenem foi de 91,5%, 83,0% e 80,0%, respectivamente. Os aminoglicosídeos foram a classe de antimicrobianos que apresentou maior sensibilidade, sendo 91,5% sensível a amicacina e 57,4% a gentamicina. Conclusão A K. pneumoniae carbapenemase constituiu um importante patógeno hospitalar em isolamento crescente nesse nosocômio. As limitadas opções terapêuticas reforçam a necessidade de uma rápida detecção laboratorial, assim como a implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle da disseminação desses patógenos. .

Eficacia y seguridad de ertapenem en infecciones urinarias en pediatría: revisión sistemática / Efficacy and safety of ertapenem for urinary tract infections in children: A systemic review

Introducción: Las infecciones urinarias complicadas son una causa común y potencialmente grave de morbilidad en la edad pediátrica. En los últimos años, se ha observado un incremento en la resistencia de los bacilos gram negativos a los antibióticos tanto en las infecciones urinarias intrahospitalarias como en las provenientes de la comunidad. El ertapenem es un antibiótico carbapenémico de amplio espectro, con una estructura diferente de la del resto de antibióticos ß-lactámicos que permite su administración una o dos veces por día y por vía intramuscular lo que permitiría el manejo ambulatorio de esta patología. Objetivo: evaluar la evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de ertapenem en infecciones urinarias en pediatría. Material y Métodos: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se priorizó la incorporación de revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados, y cohortes que compararan el uso de ertapenem con otros antibióticos para el tratamiento de infección urinaria complicada y cuyo punto final fuera la seguridad y/o eficacia del antibiótico. Resultados: Luego de la lectura de los resúmenes quedaron seleccionados 7 artículos de los que se dispuso del texto completo. No se encontraron revisiones sistemáticas sobre el tema. Conclusiones: La seguridad y eficacia del ertapenem fue documentada en pocos trabajos pediátricos. Se requieren más estudios de alta calidad de evidencia para recomendar el uso de ertapenem en el manejo de infecciones urinarias complicadas en pediatría. Sin embargo en casos en que sea la única opción de tratamiento ambulatorio podría considerarse su uso (AU)

Introduction: Complicated urinary infections are a common and potentially severe cause of morbidity in children. Over the past years, increased resistance of gram-negative bacilli to antibiotics has been found in both nosocomial- and communityacquired urinary infections. Ertapenem is a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic with a structure different from other ß-lactam antibiotics and once- or twice-daily intramuscular administration allowing for out-patient management of the pathology. Objective: To evaluate the available evidence on efficacy and safety of ertapenem use in urinary infections in children. Material and methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies comparing the use of ertapenem with other antibiotics for the treatment of complicated urinary infections with the endpoint of safety and/ or efficacy of the antibiotic were considered. Results: After reading the abstracts, seven studies of which the entire text was available were selected. No systemic reviews were found on the topic. Conclusions: Few studies have been published on the safety and efficacy of ertapenem in children. Further high-quality evidence studies are necessary to recommend the use of ertapenem in the management of complicated urinary infections in children. Nevertheless, in cases in which outpatient treatment is the only option the use of ertapenem may be considered (AU)

Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria in non-ventilated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia / Fatores de risco para multirresistência bacteriana em pneumonias adquiridas no hospital não associadas à ventilação mecânica

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for the development of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in non-ventilated patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study conducted over a three-year period at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. We included only non-ventilated patients diagnosed with HAP and presenting with positive bacterial cultures. Categorical variables were compared with chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for HAP caused by MDR bacteria. RESULTS: Of the 140 patients diagnosed with HAP, 59 (42.1%) were infected with MDR strains. Among the patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and those infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, mortality was 45.9% and 50.0%, respectively (p = 0.763). Among the patients infected with MDR and those infected with non-MDR gram-negative bacilli, mortality was 45.8% and 38.3%, respectively (p = 0.527). Univariate analysis identified the following risk factors for infection with MDR bacteria: COPD; congestive heart failure; chronic renal failure; dialysis; urinary catheterization; extrapulmonary infection; and use of antimicrobial therapy within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP. Multivariate analysis showed that the use of antibiotics within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP was the only independent predictor of infection with MDR bacteria (OR = 3.45; 95% CI: 1.56-7.61; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In this single-center study, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP was the only independent predictor of infection with MDR bacteria in non-ventilated patients with HAP. .

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia adquirida no hospital (PAH), não associada à ventilação mecânica e causada por bactérias multirresistentes (MR). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo, conduzido ao longo de três anos em um hospital universitário terciário. Incluímos apenas pacientes sem ventilação mecânica, com diagnóstico de PAH e com cultura bacteriana positiva. Variáveis categóricas foram comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. A análise de regressão logística foi usada para determinar os fatores de risco para PAH causada por bactérias MR. RESULTADOS: Dos 140 pacientes diagnosticados com PAH, 59 (42,1%) apresentavam infecção por cepas MR. As taxas de mortalidade nos pacientes com cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes e sensíveis à meticilina, respectivamente, foram de 45,9% e 50,0% (p = 0,763). As taxas de mortalidade nos pacientes com PAH causada por bacilos gram-negativos MR e não MR, respectivamente, foram de 45,8% e 38,3% (p = 0,527). Na análise univariada, os fatores associados com cepas MR foram DPOC, insuficiência cardíaca crônica, insuficiência renal crônica, diálise, cateterismo urinário, infecções extrapulmonares e uso de antimicrobianos nos 10 dias anteriores ao diagnóstico de PAH. Na análise multivariada, o uso de antimicrobianos nos 10 dias anteriores ao diagnóstico foi o único fator preditor independente de cepas MR (OR = 3,45; IC95%: 1,56-7,61; p = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo unicêntrico, o uso de antimicrobianos de largo espectro 10 dias antes do diagnóstico de PAH foi o único preditor independente da presença de bactérias MR em pacientes ...

Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Non-Tertiary Korean Hospitals

PURPOSE: The increasing prevalence and global spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) has become a serious problem. The aim of this study was to investigate molecular and epidemiological characteristics of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates collected from Korean non-tertiary hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty six non-duplicated carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates were collected from 17 non-tertiary hospitals in Korea between 2004 and 2006. Isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing and repetitive-sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR). Detection of genes encoding OXA carbapenemase and their relationship with ISAba1 was performed by PCR. RESULTS: Two clones were prevalent among 36 isolates: ST69 (17 isolates, 47.2%) and ST92 (19 isolates, 52.8%). Rep-PCR patterns were diverse and revealed that all isolates were clustered into eight band patterns. The ISAba1-activated blaOXA-23-like and ISAba1-activated blaOXA-51-like genes were prevalent among the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates. CONCLUSION: The class D beta-lactamase genes of A. baumannii were distributed nationwide in non-tertiary Korean hospitals.

Uso de meropenem en infecciones bacterianas complicadas / Use of meropenem in complicated bacterial infections

La selección de una terapia antimicrobiana inicial adecuada es fundamental para determinar el curso de las infecciones bacterianas severas. El surgimiento de los carbapenems, entre ellos Meropenem, como antibióticos B-lactámicos de amplio espectro, constituye una opción a considerar como terapia empírica inicial para el manejo de infecciones bacterianas severas en pacientes hospitalizados, respaldo por su eficacia terapéutica comprobada, seguridad y tolerabilidad.